What to Read in Indian Express Editorial( Topic and Syllabus wise)

EDITORIAL 1: The work of decolonisation

Context

The history of India is not just about slavery. The history of India is about emerging victorious… The mistake of not keeping those events in the mainstream is being rectified now” — Narendra Modi

Monuments, a collective memory

• Putting the Maratha Military Landscapes on the UNESCO World Heritage list is a significant step towards recognising Indian monuments of victory and glory and decolonising the heritage space.
• Monuments are our collective memory etched in stone. After Independence, there was little effort to correct the mindset of teachers and those preparing history books.
• It is only under the current  government that the decolonisation drive has begun, giving us new insights into the history that the British and the Left cabal sought to bury.
• It has highlighted the stories of King Suheldev, Rani Durgavati and Lachit Barphukan.

Monuments of National importance

• The founder-king of Delhi, Maharaja Anangpal Tomar,was long ignored — now, Anang Tal, which was a neglected sewer reservoir, has been designated a Monument of National Importance.
• Excavations at Rakhigarhi have restarted. The Navy has new insignia inspired by Chhatrapati Shivaji.
• There have also been efforts to delve into the history of tribal communities’ wars of independence in the Northeast,specifically the Tai-Khamti War (1839).
• Afzal Khan, the cruel general serving the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, believed a prophecy about his death before his “meeting” with Shivaji.
• But the graves of his wives are now a Monument of National Importance in Bijapu
• Maharani Tarabai Bhonsle fought the Mughals and ruled as a Maratha queen for 30 years. But her samadhi is in ruins in Satara. It deserves the honour of being a Monument of National Importance.

Sikh warrior

• The great Sikh warrior Baba Baghel Singh conquered Delhi in 1783,made the Mughal emperor pay fines and constructed seven gurdwaras including Sis Ganj Sahib.
• His 30,000 Sikh soldiers camped near the Red Fort — and so, the camp became known as Tis Hazari.
• But nowhere, even in the Red Fort Museum, is there any mention of this conquest. The National Monuments Authority was asked to approach the Tis Hazari court to ask if it would like to have the name explained in its precincts.

The Marathas

• The Marathas conquered Delhi in 1757 under Raghunath Rao and in 1771 under Mahadaji Shinde.
• They controlled the Red Fort and continued to rule until 1803, when the British overpowered them in the second Anglo-Maratha War.
• The British took Delhi from the Marathas and not the Mughals. This fact, too, is completely missing from the Red Fort museum.

Delhi- Meerut highway

• On the Delhi-Meerut highway, there lies a nondescript grave of British soldiers who were killed by local revolutionaries in 1857. This was declared a Monument of National Importance.
• But the Kali Paltan Augharnath temple, Meerut, a renowned place that housed revolutionaries and Purabia soldiers — a shelter for the marching armies of the freedom struggle — has been refused the honour.

Dalit struggle

• There isn’t a single Monument of National Importance connected with the Dalit struggle and B R Ambedkar’s life.
• His first primary school in Satara and the Sayaji Baug Vadodara Banyan tree, where he resolved to bring equality for all Indians, now known as Sankalp Bhumi, have yet to be accepted as national monuments.

Others

• After a detailed site inspection by the NMA, the Governor of Kerala sent a recommendation to declare the birthplace of Adi Shankara, Kalady, a Monument of National Importance. It was not even responded to.
• There are more than 100 monuments like Tota-Maina Ki Kabr that have absolutely no history. Nobody knows what they represent and why they have been declared Monuments of National Importance.
• Similarly, some Monuments of National Importance, like the Mohammad Gauri Ke Senapati Ki Chhatri and Babur Ka Bagicha defy any logic.
• Not a single Monument of National Importance from Kashmir, like Martand, Parihaspore or Harwan, was ever recommended to be declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and none has been given even a security guard.

Way forward

We need an Archaeological Foundation to preserve civilisational and revolutionary monuments of India.

 

EDITORIAL 2: Why spacecraft prefer splashdowns over landing on ground

Context

The spacecraft carrying Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla and his three colleagues on the Axiom-4 mission splashed down in the Pacific Ocean after a 20-hour journey from the International Space Station.

Landing in the ocean

• Landing in the ocean is the preferred way to bring back astronauts from space, though some spacecraft also make a landing on a runway like an aircraft.
• But the latter has special requirements, needs more sophisticated systems, and is usually costlier.
• For its Gaganyaan programme, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has designed a crew module that will land on sea.

Why water is preferred

• Splashdown is generally a simpler and safer option.
• When a spacecraft begins to re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere, at an altitude of 110-120 km, it is usually travelling at speeds up to 27,359 km per hour.
• There isn’t enough time for it to decelerate to speeds that are suitable for a vertical landing on the ground.
• Additional braking systems, and structures like landing legs would be required.
• It is safer to land a spacecraft in water even when it is travelling at 25-30 km per hour — the speed of the Axiom-4 spacecraft at the time of splashdown.
• The low viscosity and high density of water provides much greater cushion.While it does not ensure a completely smooth landing, it absorbs enough shock from the impact to avoid damage to the spacecraft’s structure, payload, or the crew inside.
• The other reason is the availability of vast open spaces.On the ground, the landing location has to be precisely defined; in the ocean, there is no danger of hitting something else even if the spacecraft is dragged a bit off-course by air or water currents.
• The capsules are designed to float on water. They are conical in shape, and either their top or bottom  is rounded metal, which works like the hull of a ship, and keeps them bobbing on the surface.

How landing is executed

• When a spacecraft re-enters the Earth’s atmosphere, it experiences deceleration due to friction. But additional measures are required to slow it to safe speeds.
• One such method is the use of parachutes. Spacecraft usually deploy two drag (or drogue) parachutes first, which stabilise the vehicle following re-entry, and reduce speed.
• The Dragon spacecraft deploys these parachutes at around 18,000 feet.
• At about 6,500 feet, the drogue parachutes are detached, and the four main parachutes are released, which continue to slow the spacecraft further.
• The spacecraft does not travel vertically to Earth, but glides down at an angle. From the point of re-entry to touchdown, it traverses a distance of 5,000-7,000 km.
• During this time, its speed comes down to about 25-30 km per hour, which is safe for a splashdown in the ocean.

Conclusion

After splashdown, Shukla and his crew mates will be removed from the spacecraft using a SpaceX recovery vehicle. It is on this vehicle that the crew will undergo their first medical checks. Afterwards, they will be flown to land on a helicopter that will land on the recovery vehicle.