Fundamental Rights & DPSP – Key Articles, Categories, Exceptions
1. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS – ARTICLES MAPPING
|
Category |
Articles |
Key Focus |
|
Right to Equality |
Article 14–18 |
Equality before law, abolition of untouchability & titles |
|
Right to Freedom |
Article 19–22 |
Freedoms + protection in criminal laws |
|
Right against Exploitation |
Article 23–24 |
Human trafficking, child labor prohibition |
|
Right to Freedom of Religion |
Article 25–28 |
Religious freedom |
|
Cultural & Educational Rights |
Article 29–30 |
Minority rights |
|
Right to Constitutional Remedies |
Article 32 |
Right to move Supreme Court |
DPSP = Directive Principles of State Policy
2. IMPORTANT ARTICLES (HIGH PYQ VALUE)
|
Article |
Provision |
|
12 |
Definition of State |
|
13 |
Laws inconsistent with FR void |
|
14 |
Equality before law |
|
15 |
No discrimination |
|
16 |
Equal opportunity in public employment |
|
17 |
Abolition of untouchability |
|
18 |
Abolition of titles |
|
19 |
6 Freedoms |
|
20 |
Protection in conviction |
|
21 |
Right to life & personal liberty |
|
21A |
Right to education (6–14 years) |
|
22 |
Protection against arrest |
|
23 |
Prohibition of trafficking |
|
24 |
No child labor |
|
25–28 |
Religion |
|
29–30 |
Minority rights |
|
32 |
Constitutional remedies |
3. ARTICLE 19 – 6 FREEDOMS (VERY IMPORTANT)
|
Clause |
Freedom |
|
19(1)(a) |
Speech & Expression |
|
19(1)(b) |
Assembly |
|
19(1)(c) |
Association |
|
19(1)(d) |
Movement |
|
19(1)(e) |
Residence |
|
19(1)(g) |
Profession |
4. WRITS UNDER ARTICLE 32
|
Writ |
Meaning |
|
Habeas Corpus |
Produce the body |
|
Mandamus |
Order to perform duty |
|
Prohibition |
Stop lower court |
|
Certiorari |
Transfer case |
|
Quo Warranto |
Question authority |
5. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS – KEY FEATURES
- Justiciable (enforceable in courts)
- Negative obligations on State (mostly)
- Available to citizens (some to all persons)
- Suspension during Emergency (except Articles 20 & 21)
6. EXCEPTIONS / RESTRICTIONS (VERY IMPORTANT)
Article 19 Restrictions
- Sovereignty & Integrity
- Security of State
- Public Order
- Decency & Morality
- Contempt of Court
- Defamation
- Incitement to offence
Article 15 Exceptions
- Reservation for:
- Women
- Children
- SC/ST/OBC
- EWS
Article 16 Exceptions
- Reservation in jobs
- Residence requirement (some cases)
Article 33
- Parliament can restrict FR for:
- Armed Forces
- Police
Article 34
- Martial Law → FR restrictions
7. DPSP – ARTICLES MAPPING
DPSP = Directive Principles of State Policy
|
Category |
Articles |
Theme |
|
Socialist |
38, 39, 39A, 41, 42, 43, 43A, 47 |
Welfare, livelihood |
|
Gandhian |
40, 43, 43B, 46, 47, 48 |
Village economy |
|
Liberal-Intellectual |
44, 45, 48, 48A, 49, 50, 51 |
Modern governance |
8. DPSP – KEY ARTICLES
DPSP = Directive Principles of State Policy
|
Article |
Provision |
|
38 |
Social order |
|
39 |
Principles of policy |
|
39A |
Free legal aid |
|
40 |
Panchayati Raj |
|
44 |
Uniform Civil Code |
|
45 |
Early childhood care |
|
46 |
SC/ST welfare |
|
47 |
Nutrition & health |
|
48 |
Agriculture & animal husbandry |
|
48A |
Environment protection |
|
50 |
Separation of judiciary |
|
51 |
International peace |
9. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS vs DPSP (DATA POINTS)
|
Feature |
Fundamental Rights |
DPSP |
|
Nature |
Justiciable |
Non-justiciable |
|
Purpose |
Political democracy |
Social & economic democracy |
|
Obligation |
Negative |
Positive |
|
Enforcement |
Courts |
State policy |
|
Origin |
USA |
Ireland |
10. IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS (DATA)
|
Amendment |
Impact |
|
44th Amendment |
Article 20 & 21 cannot be suspended |
|
86th Amendment |
Article 21A added (Right to Education) |
|
42nd Amendment |
DPSP strengthened |
11. PYQ-READY MICRO FACTS
- Article 32 → “Heart & Soul” (Dr. B.R. Ambedkar)
- Article 21 → Widest interpretation
- FR originally 7 → Now 6 (Right to Property removed)
- DPSP → Non-enforceable but fundamental in governance
- FR > DPSP (initially) → Balanced later
